[Medline]. This website is intended for pathologists and laboratory personnel but not for patients. Lancet Oncol 2001;2:683–90, 10.1016/S1470-2045(01)00558-7 Dublin AB, Bobinski M. Imaging characteristics of olfactory neuroblastoma (esthesioneuroblastoma) . Esthesioneuroblastoma is a malignant tumor constituting 3% of intranasal neoplasias. 14(2):67-72. 1996 Jun. The term neuroblastoma is commonly used to refer to a spectrum of neuroblastic tumors (including neuroblastomas, ganglioneuroblastomas, and ganglioneuromas) that arise from primitive sympathetic ganglion cells, and like paraganglioma and pheochromocytomas, have the capacity to synthesize and secrete catecholamines. 2006 Feb. 132(2):134-8. Interestingly, 20q is a region that has been implicated in other cancers, including breast, ovarian, and squamous cell carcinoma. Small round blue cell tumors. Collectively, NENs have an estimated incidence of 2.5 to 5 per 100,000 people per year,1with gastrointestinal NENs (GI-NENs, formerly carcinoids) comprising roughly two-thirds of the total. As a result of its anatomical origin, most patient have non-specific symptoms, precluding early diagnosis. Min KW. Devaiah AK, Andreoli MT. Porter AB, Bernold DM, Giannini C, Foote RL, Link MJ, Olsen KD, et al. [Medline]. 11:112-118. We welcome suggestions or questions about using the website. Drugs, encoded search term (Esthesioneuroblastoma) and Esthesioneuroblastoma, Pancreatic Neuroendocrine (Islet Cell) Tumor Imaging, Systemic Treatment of Metastatic Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors, Liver Transplant Emerges for Hepatic Mets in Colorectal Cancer, Targeting Glutamine Could Curb Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer, Lifestyle Alone Cannot Shield Us From Cancer, On Strike or Working Overtime: 12 Endocrine Emergencies. [Full Text]. Endoscopic endonasal resection of esthesioneuroblastoma: a multicenter study. 2004 May. [Medline]. It is in my right nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus, and starting to extend into dura. 98(1):131-5. for: Medscape. Robert C Shepard, MD, FACP Associate Professor of Medicine in Hematology and Oncology at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Vice President of Scientific Affairs, Therapeutic Expertise, Oncology, at PRA International Head Neck. Michael Somenek, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor SocietyDisclosure: Nothing to disclose. Craniofacial resection for malignant paranasal sinus tumors: Report of an International Collaborative Study. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Thomas C Origitano, MD, PhD, FACS Professor and Chair, Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical Director, Neuroscience Service Line, Co-Director, Center for Cranial Base Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center 2500010-overview
Despite the difficulties associated with the treatment of ENB, evolving treatment modalities, including surgery, radiation, and adjuvant chemotherapy, have contributed to the better management and increased survival of ENB patients.2 See Treatment and Medication. Clinical utility of somatostatin receptor scintigraphic imaging (octreoscan) in esthesioneuroblastoma: a case study and survey of somatostatin receptor subtype expression. These tumors often display varying biologic activity ranging from indolent growth, with patient survival exceeding 20 years, to a highly aggressive neoplasm capable of rapid widespread metastasis, with survival limited to a few months. 1993 May. ENB affects males and females with similar frequency. 2006. Dias FL, Sa GM, Lima RA. [Medline]. Olfactory neuroblastomas are thought to arise from the olfactory epithelium [ 1 ]. Esthesioneuroblastoma is a rare malignant tumor of the sinonasal tract. In adults, the differential diagnosis of small round cell tumors of the head and neck region includes small cell carcinoma, lymphomas and neuroepithelial tumors, such as esthesioneuroblastoma and, as last choice, rhabdomyosarcoma. Zhang M, Zhou L, Wang DH, Huang WT, Wang SY. Loy AH, Reibel JF, Read PW, Thomas CY, Newman SA, Jane JA, et al. 9(6):658-63. Am J Clin Pathol. [Medline]. 2007 Sep. 29(9):845-50. 2016 Jan. 273 (1):21-6. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. Image courtesy of Michael Lev, MD. Approximately 1,000 cases have been described in the literature since the original description in 1924. Folbe A, Herzallah I, Duvvuri U, Bublik M, Sargi Z, Snyderman CH, et al. An aggressive neoplasm derived from schneiderian epithelium and distinct from olfactory neuroblastoma. 53(3):231-4. [Full Text]. Glomangiopericytoma is a rare vascular neoplasm characterized by a pattern of prominent perivascular growth. De Bonnecaze G, Chaput B, Al Hawat A, Filleron T, Vairel B, Serrano E, et al. It is thought to arise from neural tissue associated with the sense of smell. Esthesioneuroblastoma: is there a role for elective neck treatment?. 1986 Nov. 10(11):771-9. 4(1):37. J Neurooncol. The mass filled much of the left nasal cavity, [Medline]. Laryngoscope. Esthesioneuroblastoma. NSCLC accounts for about 85% of all lung cancers. Myelodysplastic and Myeloproliferative disorders. Low grade olfactory neuroblastoma usually contains nests and lobules of monotonous tumor cells with round nuclei, indistinct nucleoli and scanty cytoplasm in association with a vascular-rich to hyalinized stroma; fibrillary neural matrix may be present. Dulguerov P, Calcaterra T. Esthesioneuroblastoma: the UCLA experience 1970-1990. Esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) is a rare malignant neoplasm arising from the olfactory neuroepithelium. Esthesioneuroblastoma: a meta-analysis and review. Cancer. Head Neck. [Medline]. Michael Somenek, MD Physician, Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, SomenekMD Advanced Facial Plastic Surgery I have been diagnosed with Esthesioneuroblastoma in April. 2008 Nov. 118(11):2006-10. In 1924, Berger and Luc 1 described this tumor for first time. rhabdomyoblastic, glandular and squamous differentiation), Area of rhabdomyoblastic differentiation if present is positive for, With the exception of olfactory neuroblastoma with rhabdomyoblastic differentiation, the tumor is negative for, Dense core neurosecretory granules, microtubules, neuritic processes, neurofilaments (, Recent next generation sequencing studies have shown that olfactory neuroblastoma has high level but heterogenous chromosomal instability and copy number alterations (, Absence of characteristic fusions of other small blue round cell tumors that may occur in the sinonasal tract, e.g. 123(3):433-9. https://profreg.medscape.com/px/getpracticeprofile.do?method=getProfessionalProfile&urlCache=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbWVkaWNpbmUubWVkc2NhcGUuY29tL2FydGljbGUvMjc4MDQ3LW92ZXJ2aWV3. 27(7):575-84. Argani P, Perez-Ordonez B, Xiao H. Olfactory neuroblastoma is not related to the Ewing family of tumors: absence of EWS/FLI1 gene fusion and MIC2 expression. When, how and why to treat the neck in patients with esthesioneuroblastoma: a review. Usually seen in the undifferentiated and poorly differentiated subtypes of neuroblastoma (see below) Associated with MYCN amplification and a poor prognosis. [Medline]. Lund VJ, Howard D, Wei W. Olfactory neuroblastoma: past, present, and future?. Expression of the human Achaete-scute 1 gene in olfactory neuroblastoma (esthesioneuroblastoma). 1992 Aug. 102(8):843-9. 2009 Sep 23. 94(10):2623-34. Mod Pathol. [Medline]. Esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) is a rare malignant tumor of neuroectodermal origin arising from neuroepithelium of olfactory mucosa. 2010 May. ENB does not show familial prevalence and has been reported in all races and on all continents. Sterzing F, Stoiber EM, Nill S, Bauer H, Huber P, Debus J, et al. Inconsistent histologic presentations initially led to controversy surrounding the exact histologic origin of ENBs, and this ambiguity can confound clinical and prognostic decisions. Due to the rare and complex nature of ENB, multiple opinions exist regarding the etiology, optimal staging system, and treatment modalities. 119(7):1412-6. Esthesioneuroblastoma. A clinical analysis of 17 cases. Non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). Still, further experimentation will be required to determine the role of these genomic regions in ENB. 1998 Jul. [Medline]. 2003 Apr. 50:2388-2405. 385:363-9. 2002
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. ENB accounts for 3% of all intranasal tumors. A proposed new classification. They could only do a biopsy. Soft tissue - tumors of adipose differentiation. Olfactory neuroblastoma (also known as esthesioneuroblastoma) is a very rare cancer that develops in the upper part of the nasal cavity. 2010 Aug. 113(2):340-51. PATHOLOGY. syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)), Typical finding is a dumbbell shaped mass centered at cribriform plate, 20% develop regional or distant metastases, usually to cervical lymph nodes and lung; late recurrence (after 10 years) is common, Grade and stage are the most important prognostic factors, Hyams histologic grade (Table 1) is the most widely used grading system which encompasses six histologic features and is an independent prognostic factor (, Involves nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, Extends beyond the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, 30 year old woman and 67 year old woman with varied atypical clinical presentation (, 35 year old man with divergent differentiation (, 41 year old man with multifocal ectopic olfactory neuroblastoma (, 43 year old woman with a mass in the right nasal cavity (, 44 year old man with aberrant pattern of cytokeratin expression (, Complete surgical excision (may require craniofacial resection), with radiation therapy or chemotherapy, Low grade olfactory neuroblastoma usually contains nests and lobules of monotonous tumor cells with round nuclei, indistinct nucleoli and scanty cytoplasm in association with a vascular-rich to hyalinized stroma; fibrillary neural matrix may be present, High grade tumors may show solid growth, marked mitotic activity, nuclear pleomorphism, necrosis and no neuropil, Homer Wright pseudorosettes: neoplastic cells palisading around a central zone of fibrillar neural matrix; their presence in a nasal tumor is characteristic for olfactory neuroblastoma, Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes: palisading tumor cells surrounding a true central lumen, Perivascular pseudorosettes may be present but are non-specific, Other findings: melanin pigment, neurons, divergent differentiation (e.g. Esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) is a rare malignant tumor of neuroectodermal origin arising from neuroepithelium of olfactory mucosa. In: Tumors of the Upper Respiratory Tract and Ear, Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Peckham ME, Wiggins RH 3rd, Orlandi RR, Anzai Y, Finke W, Harnsberger HR. It should be noted that precise histologic diagnosis is difficult because ENBs are often confused with other small round cell neoplasms of the nasal cavity. Dulguerov P, Allal AS. Abstract. Cancer. Biopsy results showed Esthesioneuroblastoma. Occup Med (Lond). The following table is a timeline of my ENB journey (see progression from bottom to top): My ENB Timeline (click download to view): Download Surgery:April 21, 2010 - Day of Surgery > The tumor was removed from my head (craniotomy). Radiat Oncol. Turano S, Mastroianni C, Manfredi C, Biamonte R, Ceniti S, Liguori V, et al. Oral and maxillofacial pathologists rarely encounter this tumor in their daily practice. Odontogenic / Jaw Cysts. Neuroblastomas and neuroendocrine carcinomas of the nasal cavity. Pathophysiology. Microscopically, closely packed cells interspersed with numerous thin-walled, branching staghorn vessels were seen. 122(1):100-5. It is often difficult to predict which tumors will go on to metastasize. S100 highlighted the sustentacular network. Quick MRI Scan for Routine Prostate Cancer Screening? 92(12):3012-29. Ear Nose Throat J. Symptoms usually develop over a relatively short duration (weeks to months) This is a characteristic, though not pathognomonic feature of SNUC. Olfactory neuroblastomas generally grow slowly, … Physical examination demonstrated left-sided exophthalmos and blindness. Silva EG, Butler J, MacKay B, et al. Devaney K, Wenig BM, Abbondanzo SL. An olfactory neuroblastoma is a rare form of cancer. Olfactory neuroblastoma. Recently, a tool called array comparative genomic hybridization was applied to the analysis of ENBs. [Medline]. World J Surg Oncol. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009 Jul. [Medline]. 2011 Oct 5. Dulguerov P, Jacobsen MS, Allal AS, Lehmann W, Calcaterra T. Nasal and paranasal sinus carcinoma: are we making progress? Fitzek MM, Thornton AF, Varvares M. Neuroendocrine tumors of the sinonasal tract. 2009 Jan-Feb. 23(1):91-4. Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug ReferenceDisclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. The prognosis depends on the magnitude of the disease on initial diagnosis. 28(4):305-12. [Medline]. 2003 Nov. 129(11):1186-92. [Full Text]. Initial immunoprofiling may not include myogenic markers. Esthesioneuroblastomas (ENBs) are undifferentiated tumors of neuroectodermal origin derived from the olfactory epithelium. Anticancer Res. J Neurooncol. Esthesioneuroblastomas (ENBs) are undifferentiated tumors of neuroectodermal origin derived from the olfactory epithelium. 1997 Jul-Aug. 17(4A):2683-706. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Carey RM, Godovchik J, Workman AD, Kuan EC, Parasher AK, Chen J, et al. However, we cannot answer medical or research questions or give advice. Rostomily RC, Elias M, Deng M, Elias P, Born DE, Muballe D, et al. All material on this website is protected by copyright, Copyright © 1994-2021 by WebMD LLC. Castelnuovo P, Bignami M, Delù G, Battaglia P, Bignardi M, Dallan I. Endonasal endoscopic resection and radiotherapy in olfactory neuroblastoma: our experience. Opsoclonus‐myoclonus‐ataxia (OMA) is a paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome affecting 2–3% of children with neuroblastoma. ISL-1, TTF-1 and PAX5 are transcription factors that are frequently upregulated in tumors showing neuroendocrine differentiation. Esthesioneuroblastoma: endonasal endoscopic treatment. Mishima Y, Nagasaki E, Terui Y, Irie T, Takahashi S, Ito Y, et al. [Full Text]. Developmental midline nasal masses in children are rare, with a reported annual incidence of one in every 20,000–40,000 live births (,6–,8). Glomangiopericytoma is categorized as a borderline lo… [3] The HASH1 gene is involved in olfactory neuronal differentiation and is expressed in immature olfactory cells Patterns of failure and outcome in esthesioneuroblastoma. Olfactory neuroblastomas (or esthesioneuroblastomas) are most frequently staged using a system proposed by Kadish et al. Array comparative genomic hybridization analysis of olfactory neuroblastoma. Tselis N, Heyd R, Baghi M, Zamboglou N. Interstitial high-dose-rate-brachytherapy in advanced esthesioneuroblastoma. Laryngoscope. Laryngoscope. Table. [Medline]. Comment: Immunohistochemistry studies show that the tumor is positive for synaptophysin and chromogranin, whereas negative for cytokeratin. 2001 Nov. 2(11):683-90. Their differential diagnosis includes abscesses, hemangiomas, fibromas, lipomas, granulomas, and mucoceles.Neuroimaging is e… 2017 Dec. 7 (12):1186-1194. Advanced adult esthesioneuroblastoma successfully treated with cisplatin and etoposide alternated with doxorubicin, ifosfamide and vincristine. Intranasal Esthesioneuroblastoma: CT Patterns Aid in Preventing Routine Nasal Polypectomy. Histopathologic Grading According to Hyams. Diagnosis and management of esthesioneuroblastoma. Guy J Petruzzelli, MD, PhD, MBA, FACS Physician-in-Chief and Vice President of Oncology Programs, Curtis and Elizabeth Anderson Cancer Institute at Memorial University Medical Center; Professor of Surgery-Head, Neck, and Endocrine Surgery, Mercer University School of Medicine-Savannah Campus Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Cancer. Small cell carcinoma / poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma: diffusely positive for, SMARCB1-deficient sinonasal carcinoma: loss of, The tumor most commonly locates to the lower portion of nasal cavity, Tumor necrosis, nuclear pleomorphism and high mitotic index are part of the staging system, The tumor is not associated with similar appearing tumors elsewhere in the body, SMARCB1 (INI1) immunohistochemistry is lost in this tumor, It is most commonly originated from the medial wall of maxillary sinus, Most tumors are diffusely positive for CAM5.2, It may contain areas with rhabdomyoblastic differentiation. Ewing sarcoma, Olfactory neuroblastoma, Hyams grade II (see comment). Common features of ENB on light microscopy include small, round-to-oval cells wi… 73(2):424-32. [Medline]. Nuclei 1.5 to 2 times larger than those of typical neuroblastoma cells. [Medline]. Beitler JJ, Fass DE, Brenner HA, Huvos A, Harrison LB, Leibel SA, et al. A reddish tumor filling the left nasal cavity was observed on endoscopy and treated with endoscopic excision. To date, no certain genetic factor has been identified that can accurately assist in the diagnosis or predict prognosis. [Full Text]. 2003. Nicholas C Shera, PhD Freelance Medical/Scientific WriterDisclosure: Nothing to disclose. 2017 Dec 7. Peripheral cysts: a distinguishing feature of esthesioneuroblastoma with intracranial extension. The importance of multimodality approach in management of ENB is reviewed in detail. 21(6):770-8. 2009 Jun. Esthesioneuroblastoma: continued follow-up of a single institution's experience. 101(6):1437-44. [Medline]. Am J Rhinol Allergy. Nichols AC, Chan AW, Curry WT, Barker FG, Deschler DG, Lin DT. Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) is a rare neoplasm of the sinonasal area with neuroendocrine differentiation. In an undifferentiated tumor, showing a small round blue cell morphology, using the mnemonic 'MR SLEEP' helps to highlight tumors to consider: melanoma, mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma (including NUT carcinoma), small cell osteosarcoma, lymphoma, esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neuroblastoma), … Please confirm that you would like to log out of Medscape. Vitamin D for All Over 50s to Prevent Cancer Deaths? This tumor constitutes only 3% of all intranasal neoplasms. [Medline]. Images of esthesioneuroblastomas are shown below. Broich G, Pagliari A, Ottaviani F. Esthesioneuroblastoma: a general review of the cases published since the discovery of the tumour in 1924. Zanation AM, Ferlito A, Rinaldo A, Gore MR, Lund VJ, McKinney KA, et al. Carney ME, O''Reilly RC, Sholevar B. Retrospective review of adjuvant chemotherapy for esthesioneuroblastoma. Rosenthal DI, Barker JL, El-Naggar AK. 2010. 1998 May. Coronal CT scan of the orbits and sinuses shows a large, enhancing, and expansile mass occupying the ethmoid air cells that is invading the cribriform plate and breaking through to the left anterior cranial fossa. Treatment of esthesioneuroblastoma: a 16-year meta-analysis of 361 patients. Castelnuovo PG, Delù G, Sberze F, Pistochini A, Cambria C, Battaglia P, et al. A thirteen hour surgery took place with a … ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. De Bonnecaze G, Lepage B, Rimmer J, Al Hawat A, Vairel B, Serrano E, et al. Acta Otolaryngol. Magnavita N, Sacco A, Bevilacqua L, D'Alessandris T, Bosman C. Aesthesioneuroblastoma in a woodworker. Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI demonstrated a large lesion that originated in the paranasal sinuses and extended through the cribriform plate into the anterior cranial fossa. Cancer. [Medline]. Lancet Oncol. Esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neuroblastoma) is a rare tumor of the olfactory epithelium. NENs share histologic and biochemical features with each other but also with neuroepithelial tumors exhibitin… N euroendocrine tumors of the sinonasal tract, including olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) and neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC), are rare tumors that usually originate from … [Medline]. McElroy EA Jr, Buckner JC, Lewis JE. Brodeur GM, Pritchard J, Berthold F, Carlsen NL, Castel V, Castelberry RP, et al. Madani I, Bonte K, Vakaet L, Boterberg T, De Neve W. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for sinonasal tumors: Ghent University Hospital update. Additionally, there exists a variable presence (or absence) of true rosettes and neurofibrillary material. [Medline]. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2004 Dec 1. Guled M, Myllykangas S, Frierson HF Jr, Mills SE, Knuutila S, Stelow EB. [ 1] The tumor … This report presents an interesting case of isolated sphenoid sinus ENB and discusses the pathology and various treatment options for this tumor. Although children with OMA and neuroblastoma may have higher survival, many experience a significant amount of late neurologic impairment, which may be immunologically mediated. ENB does not show a predilection toward any individual race. 240-8. Human achaete-scute homologue (hASH1) mRNA level as a diagnostic marker to distinguish esthesioneuroblastoma from poorly differentiated tumors arising in the sinonasal tract. 2010 Nov. 267(11):1667-71. On examination the patient has an inverted papilloma in the right nasal cavity with a CT scan demonstrating an attachment of the bone along the skull base (Image 1). He had also lost his sense of smell. Acta Otolaryngol. I went in for a nasal polyps removal, but when trying to remove, it was determined to be a tumor. Medscape Education, ABCs of GEP-NETs: Overview of Neuroendocrine Tumors, 2010
[Medline]. Cancer. [Medline]. A 39-year-old man presented with 1 month of decreased vision, left facial numbness, and swelling. Mod Pathol. [Medline]. 1998 Aug. 29(8):826-32. [Medline]. Kadish S, Goodman M, Wang CC. J Neurosurg. 2008 Nov. 90(2):201-4. /viewarticle/941888
netspot-gallium-ga-68-dotatate-1000115
[Medline]. Diagnosis and management of esthsioneuroblastoma. gallium-ga-68-dotatoc-40000
[2] Although many alterations were identified in this study, chromosomal gains in 7q11 and 20q and deletions in 2q, 5q, 6p, 6q, and 18q have been confirmed by at least 2 other studies. Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, derived from neuroendocrine (NE) cells in diverse tissues. In essence, ENBs contain variable arrangements of their small cells. Ultrastruct Pathol. Long-term oncological outcome after endoscopic surgery for olfactory esthesioneuroblastoma. Cancer. INTRODUCTION Esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neuroblastoma) is an uncommon tumor originating in the upper nasal cavity; it was first described by Berger and Luc (3) in 1924. Prog Clin Biol Res. 32(5):706-14; discussion 714-5. Skull Base. [Medline]. Herbert H Engelhard, III, MD, PhD, FACS, FAANS is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Research, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Illinois State Medical SocietyDisclosure: Nothing to disclose. 101(11):2567-73. He underwent a bifrontal craniotomy for resection of this tumor. Esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB), also known as olfactory neuroblastoma, is a rare neoplasm originating from olfactory neuroepithelium. 72(2):113-8. Dulguerov P, Allal AS, Calcaterra TC. Prostate. 2009 Feb 1. It has a bimodal peak of occurrence in the third and sixth decades of life. Revisions of the international criteria for neuroblastoma diagnosis, staging and response to treatment. Gupta S, Husain N, Sundar S. Esthesioneuroblastoma chemotherapy and radiotherapy for extensive disease: a case report. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. The demonstration of human achaete-scute homologue (HASH1) gene expression, although still investigational, could become the diagnostic procedure of choice. Hum Pathol. 22(4):391-8. [Medline]. 9:118. Morita A, Ebersold MJ, Olsen KD, Foote RL, Lewis JE, Quast LM. [Medline]. 1995 Sep-Oct. 19(5):347-63. [7] No studies suggest a geographic variation in rates. Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma. Bradley PJ, Jones NS, Robertson I. There is bimodal age distribution with one peak in young adult patients (~2nd decade) and another peak in the 5th to 6thdecades. [Medline]. Posttreatment prognosis of patients with esthesioneuroblastoma. 1976 Mar. This article outlines the various newer details of diagnosis, staging and treatment aspects of esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB). Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) in the treatment of children and adolescents - a single institution''s experience and a review of the literature. Mhawech P, Berczy M, Assaly M, Herrmann F, Bouzourene H, Allal AS, et al. 88(6):E14. [Medline]. Group of tumours that is typically seen in childhood and younger adults. Results of a prospective study incorporating chemotherapy, surgery, and combined proton-photon radiotherapy.
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